Ten states, including California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin, have passed laws requiring emergency care facilities to offer EC to rape victims they treat. Many other states have introduced similar measures.
rape laws in india pdf free
The Committee submitted its report on January 23, 2013. It made recommendations on laws related to rape, sexual harassment, trafficking, child sexual abuse, medical examination of victims, police, electoral and educational reforms. We summarise the key recommendations of the Committee.
Most feminists see the dual requirement of force and nonconsent asredundant at best and, at worst, as defining many rapes out ofexistence. Feminists differ, however, as to how rape laws shouldideally be structured. Perhaps the most common view is that the forcerequirement should be eliminated, and rape defined simply asnonconsensual sex, with differing degrees of severity depending onwhether and how much force and violence are employed (Estrich 1987).While some state statutes are now written this way, they often buildphysical force into the definition of non-consent; thus in practicethey function very much like the dual requirement of force andnon-consent (Anderson 2005a, 630).
Of course I can read these laws and find them amusingly outdated and a relic of the past. My point of view comes from the comfort of full freedom that the Unites States provides women. Looking at these laws however, I could not help, but to draw a parallel to real issues in the headlines that women currently face in other countries where the laws that hinder their freedoms are nothing to laugh at.
The controversial verdict sparked widescale protests across the country seeking a change in existing rape laws. This culminated into the Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act of 1983. A new Section 114A in the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 was inserted which presumed that there is absence of consent in certain prosecutions of rape if the victim says so. This applied to custodial rape cases. 2ff7e9595c
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